Concept and Role of Civil Society in Democracy Essay Example

Concept and Role of Civil Society in Democracy Essay Example Concept and Role of Civil Society in Democracy Essay Concept and Role of Civil Society in Democracy Essay Concept and Role of Civil Society in Democracy The concept of civil society was introduced in Rome by Cicero. In the classical Greek time the state and civil society were al-most in equal status. Civil Societies meaning and role has been different in different historical phases of political discourse. In the period of mid eighteenth century as a consequence of renaissance, humanism and scientific revolution, legitimacy of absolutism was questioned. That started seeking about the sources of political and moral authority and the reason behind absolutism. So the churches who legitimated absolutism were against the will of people. The danger of anarchism caused human beings to be aware of the need for the mechanism to protect themselves. According to Hobbes rationality and self interest persuade human beings to combine in agreement to surrender sovereignty to a common power (which he called leviathan). The social contract theory of Hobbes stated two types of relationship. One was vertical, between the leviathan and the people, the latter submitted themselves to the former. The second system was the realm of horizontal relationship among the people. In that system people were compelled to limit their natural rights in a way that would not harm the right of others. The first is state and the second is civil society. In Hobbes paradigm, the formation of civil society lead to the formation of government, state and laws. The concept of state of nature and sovereignty of state lead to the realism which defined the nature of relationship between the state and the civil society. The modern meaning in sociological perspective of civil society is based on the works of David Held (1987-95). According to him, Civil Society retains a distinctive character to the extent that it is made- up of areas of social life. This social life includes the domestic world, the economic sphere, cultural activities and political interaction. These areas of social life are organized by the private and voluntary arrangements between individuals and groups. The sphere of these institutions and actor are outside the direct control of the state. Civil society, in the view of New left, can play key role in defending people against the state and market and in assisting the democracy and in asserting the democratic will to influence the state. The Neo- Liberals consider civil society as a site to struggle to subvert communist and authoritarian regimes. So civil society occupies an important place in the political discourses of both New- left and Neo – liberals. The London School of Economics/ centre for civil society, has defined as civil society refers to the area of voluntary association of actors around common interests, purposes and values. Its institutional forms are different from that of state. The civil societies are often populated by organizations, such as registered charities, developmental NGOs, community groups, womens organizations, faith based organizations, professional associations, trade union, self help group, social moments, business associations, coalitions, and advocacy groups. Thus, the civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary, civic,and social organizations, and institutions. These civil societies form the basis of a functioning society. It is an accepted value that the democratic society works to promote active citizenship and political participation. These values of civil society in a democray are more important than any other forms of societies. In the democratic set- up such as in the western world and in many developing countries. The civil societies have served as a means of social renewal by improving the participation and faith of people in the political process. So, the role of civil society to improve peoples participation in the democracy may be described as below. Civil society limits the power of state. Any democracy needs a well functioning and authoritative state at the same time theres need to check, monitor and control the abuse of powers and violations of laws. Civil societies have vital role in public education and information. Which in turn will increase political efficacy and skill of democratic citizen and promote an appreciation of obligation and rights of citizen Providing avenues and voice to the stake holders is also a role by allowing them to articulate, express, represent their concerns publicly. That will help to influence the governance level as well . Civil society can brings people of different interest together to a common platform for their common interest and purposes. That helps to build solidarity among different stakeholders. Civil societies campaign against sexism, racism, un-touchability , minorities issues creates awareness and harmony towards each-other and bring changes in peoples attitude . Which will help the citizen to enjoy the benefit of democracy easily . Voters education, election monitoring for fair election, public accountabilitys promotion, public access to information, transparency, human right defender are the areas in which civil society can play influential role so that citizen will be able to use the rights of democracy in full potential . Finally, civil societies can play their role by making state more accountable at all levels, responsive, inclusive, effective and legitimate. A successful civil society strengthens citizens respect for the state and promotes their engagement with state. Civil society , therefore, can provide alternative policy inputs, voice to the voice less, promote transparency, correct distribution system and can play a role of democracy defender .

Literary Devices 15 Literary Elements With Examples Tips to Use Them

Literary Devices 15 Literary Elements With Examples Tips to Use Them Literary Devices: 15 Literary Elements With Examples Tips to Use Them All writing is made up of literary devices whether you realize it or not.But what if you could intentionally uplevel your writing, make it better, more impactful, and crafting it in a way to hook readers from the introduction?What would it mean for you if you were able to guide your readers in a specific direction and interpret your words the way you want them to?Using literary devices is exactly how you can do thatand well teach you how with our list of literary devices.Although the term literary devices can be a wee bit intimidating, theyre actually pretty simple.In fact, youre likely using a ton when writing your book that you dont even know youre utilizing- and well touch on which those are in a little bit.Here are 15 literary devices to use in your writing: NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self:Allusion Example 1: Careful, now. You dont want to go opening Pandoras Box.In this example, the allusion is Pandoras Box. Because this is a reference to a real 2: He was a real goodguy ball:Diction Example 1: I bid you adieu.The diction present here is formal diction, as most people dont use bid and adieu regularly in everyday speach.Diction Example 2: I remember her hair in particular, because it was on fleek!Here, fleek is a slang term used to describe a womans hair, which means its slang diction.#3 AlliterationAlliteration is a literary device that uses the same letters or sounds at the beginning of words in a sentence or title.There are many nursery rhymes that use alliteration but this is also useful for creating something memorable within your writing.You can also use alliteration when choosing the title of your book, as it makes it easier to remembe r, as you can see in the example of alliterative titles above.Alliteration Literary Device Example:Alliteration Example 1: She sells sea shells by the sea shore.In this example, alliteration is present in both the sh sound and the s sound.Alliteration Example 2: He was a real goodguy ball:Allegory Example: One of the most famous works using allegory is George Orwells Animal Farm. The perceived story is about a group of farm animals who rise up and defeat humans but the underlying story is about the Russian Revoluation.Using an allegory is often telling a darker story in a way thats easier to understand and for readers to receive.#5 ColloquialismOne way to increase the world building in your book is to use colloquialisms.Colloquialisms are expressions, words, and phrases that are used in informal, everyday speech, including slang.You can use these a couple of different ways. Firstly, you can use these as slang in the real world and secondly, you can even create your books own collo quialisms for their world and culture, and even when writing dialogue.Colloquialism Literary Device Example:Colloquialism Examples:Bamboozle to deceieveGonna going toBe blue to be sadBugger off go awayOver yonder over thereDa bomb the bestYou can create your own coloquialisms within your own world to increase the realism.#6 EuphemismWe tend to think of euphemisms as sexual euphemisms, which is how theyre often used. However, euphemisms are actually any terms that refer to something impolite or unpleasant.We create phrases or other words in order to avoid using the actual term because theyre impolite, rude, or indecent. Those alternatives are considered euphemisms.This is often why we think of sexual euphemisms when we hear of this literary device. Most individuals would rather make a much lighter comment when referring to something as indecent as sex, but the same case is made for when someone dies.Euphemism Literary Device Example:Euphemism Examples:Before I go before I die Do the dirty have sexRear:You can even use flashbacks as a plot device, like in the example below.For example, in Vicious by V.E. Schwab, she uses flashbacks as a recurring element in her book. Every other chapter goes back in time and then back to the present for the next chapter as a way to structure the story itself.So in this instance, Schwab is using this literary device to shape the entire narrative of her story instead of simply using it as a single piece, which is a unique take on flashbacks.#8 ForeshadowingForeshadowing is when the author places elements within the writing that gives clues about what will happen in the future of the story.These can often be small bits and pieces that some readers might not pick up on the first read through. They might even look back and realize that certain elements were foreshadowing once they hit the climax or a big plot twist was revealed.Foreshadowing can be both literal and thematic.You can write a scene where theres a conversation t hat the reader cant fully understand the meaning of until more is revealed.You can also write a scene that has symbolic elements that foreshadow events, like placing a black crow in a scene that foreshadows a death, as crows are symbolic of this.If you really want to up your creative writing, you can even create themes to foreshadow within your own world.As an example of this literary device, you can create a culture in which rabbits are a known sign of change and conspicuously place a rabbit in a later scene.Foreshadowing Literary Device Example:Foreshadowing Example 1:In Back to the Future, one of the clocks in the opening credits has actor Harold Lloyd from the silem film Safety First hanging from the minute hand. This foreshadows Doc Brown hanging from the Hill Valley clock tower later in the movie as he tried to send Marty McFly back to the 1980s.Foreshadowing Example 2: In The Avengers Tony Stark makes a comment about one of the ships engineers playing a game called Galaga as they all get together for the first time. The objective of the game in real life is to defend Earth from alien invaders, which is what happens later in the movie.#9 ImageryThis is one that we briefly touched on above and also one you likely learned in school, though it may have been a while since then so well give you a refresher.Imagery is when you use visually descriptive or figurative language in your writing. Think of it more like showing versus telling in writing where you use more sensory language versus blunt, plain words.You would also use stronger verbs in order to present stronger imagery in your writing.Get Your FREE Strong Verbs List HereOver 200 strong verbs and the weak ones they replace! Imagery Literary Device Example:Heres an example of imagery from Hannah Lee Kidders anthology, Little Birds:Notice how Kidder uses visuals to bring life to her words. Youre very easily able to picture where this scene takes place and exactly what those rocks look like.#10 PersonificationPersonification is a literary device where you give human:Imagery Example 1:The wind whistled past my ears like a familiar tune Id long forgotten.Imagery Example 2:The moon yanked a blanket of silver light over the forest.Imagery Example 3:Squatting in the corner was a felt chair covered in the dust and damp of abandonment.#11 Juxtaposition Juxtaposition means placing contrasting elements next to one another in order to emphasize one or both, including words, scenes, or themes.This literary device can sound overly fancy but its quite simple.Many times, authors will use juxtaposition in order to create a stronger emotional reaction from readers.Think of when a happy moment in a movie or book is follo wed by a sad, heart:Juxtaposition Example 1:It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness. A Tales of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.Juxtaposition Example 2:I hate loving you.Juxtaposition Example 3:You will soon be asked to do great violence in the cause of good. The Yellow Birds by Kevin Powers#12 Metaphor/SimileThis is the most popular literary device that has to be used with caution because if used too much, metaphors and similes can reek of cliches and amateur writing.Metaphors and similes are comparisons used to create better clarification and understanding for readers. While these are similar, theyre quite different.MetaphorA metaphor is a comparison between two things that are NOT alike and replaces the word with another word.SimileSimiles are comparisons between two things that are NOT like a nd replaces the word with another word but uses like or as within it.Metaphors VS Similes Examples:Metaphor Example 1:She was drowning in a sea of her own despair.Simile Example 1:It was like she was drowning in a sea of her own despair.Metaphor Example 2:His heart was lead, weighed down by the memory of what hed done.Simile Example 2:His heart was as heavy as lead, weighed down by the memory of what hed done.Literary devices are used to make your writing stronger. However, you dont have to use every single device out there. These are the best to strengthen your writing.#13 OnomatopoeiaWhile its name may be confusing, this literary device is actually easy to understand once you get past its difficult spelling.An onomatopoeia is a word or phrase that shows you the sound something makes. Since we cant hear books, this literary device is best used to paint a clear picture and include the sense of hearing in your writing.When using this literary element in writing, the correct formatti ng is almost always to have the word italicized to show emphasis of the sound.Onomatopoeia Literary Device Example:BuzzZapSplatBoomSplashZingCrankWhooshBangCreak#14 SymbolismEvery story uses symbolism in some way. This literary device is the use of a situation or element to represent a larger message, idea, or concept.Many times, authors use symbolism as a way to convey a broader message that speaks to more readers. You can also use symbolism to foreshadow what will happen later in the story.Symbolism Literary Device Example:Crows are used to symbolize a bad omen, like deathThe color purple symbolizes royaltyThe color red can symbolize death, struggle, power, passionSpiders can symbolize spying, sneaky, or untrustworthiness#15 ToneThe tone of a book is something that conveys the narrators opinion, attitude, or feelings about what is written.This literary device has the power to shape the entire narrative. For example, if you want to catch a reader off-guard when something traumati c or intense happens, keeping the tone light and humorous before the event can increase the sensation of shock and tension.Tone can guide your readers right into the emotion you want them to feel in a particular scene.Ready to start your book?Writing a good book is much harder than it may seemAnd its not just about the book, either- not if you want it to sell and do well, that is.

Diagnosis of knee joint problem in MRI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Diagnosis of knee joint problem in MRI - Essay Example Though this reason is enough to forego this important technological advancement, the question is what do other authors make of these findings? Logical enough, many studies have been carried out in this field and a great deal of views offered in respect to the importance and the flaws associated with this phenomenon. A critical evaluation of a few of the studies will eventually reveal what is the best way to go about the examination of the knee and which method is best when it comes to the different possibilities of knee infections and examinations. This will be based upon the consistency of the results, the methodologies applied therein and the value and cost-effectiveness of the processes in light of the clinical decisions for knee treatment (Cottrell, 2005). ‘The Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Evaluation of Acute Posterolateral complex Injuries of the Knee’ authored by Ross et al (1997) is a study that was carried out to determine the effectiveness of the MRI in the diagnosis and possible treatment of knee injuries. The only way that MRI can assist in the treatment is by making the process of decision making easier and offering the best way out to the clinician or surgeon. The team opted to use the standard magnetic resonance imaging sequences in their study to check on the acute posterolateral knee trauma. They conducted their study on six patients who were seen within 72 hours of their initial injuries. The patients had their clinical histories and examinations consistent with the probable complex posterolateral injury using the 1.5T magnet. They compared results using the clinical examinations and varied the different views of the flexion, tenderness and through the gradual yet recorded increase in the thigh-foot ang le (McGinty, 1988: Ireland, 1980: Insall, 1984). ‘A prospective arthroscopically controlled

PERFORMANCE AND CULTURE I ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

PERFORMANCE AND CULTURE I - Essay Example He along with his colleagues Harold Clurman and Cheryl Crawford pioneered the American acting techniques and significantly contributed towards the actor training and played vital role in promoting the naturalistic acting style on stage and screen (Cole, 1995). He developed and explained the naturalistic style of acting and teach the actors to create neutralism in their acting style be relating the roles to their personal life experiences and emotions. The use of this technique added depth to the performance of the actors and they become able to give enhanced performance at theatre and movies (Sharon M. 1999). The following essay aims to discuss the contributions of Lee Strasberg to the training of the actors and his role in the development and promotion of the naturalistic style of acting. Strasberg was also an actor, director besides being a teacher of acting but the major proportion of his career journey was spent in developing and teaching different acting techniques (Barton, 2008). In the beginning of his career, Strasberg was interested in direction however soon he realized his passion for training the actors and then his complete attention was concentrated towards the training of the actors. In the ‘Group Theatre’ he taught several valuable acting techniques to the actors that later became successful and popular stars of the American theatre and film industry (Foster et al, 1989). In the Group Theatre he created the technique called The Method or Method Acting. Later he joined the non profit ‘Actor Studio’ in New York City in 1951 that was regarded as the most prestigious acting school of the country at that time (Sharon M. 1999). Later in 1969, Strasberg created his own acting academy entitled Lee Strasberg theatre and Film Institute. He established the institute in New York City and Hollywood where he

Comparing IFRS To GAAP Paper Essay Example for Free

Comparing IFRS To GAAP Paper Essay There are several differences between the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). The IFRS is considered more of a principles based accounting standard in contrast to U.S. GAAP which is considered more rules based. By being more principles based, IFRS, arguably, represents and captures the economics of a transaction better than U.S. GAAP. As a team me collaborated to answer the following seven questions. IFRS 2-1: In what ways does the format of a statement of financial of position under IFRS often differ from a balance sheet presented under GAAP? IFRS does not mandate a specific order or classification of accounts on the statement of financial position. In most cases, companies report assets in reverse order of liquidity. An example of the order of accounts on the statement of financial position is as follows: Long Term Assets Current Assets Shareholder Equity Long Term Liabilities Current Liabilities GAAP specifically requires that all accounts be ordered based on their degree of liquidity. Therefore, cash is usually reported first and non-current assets will be reported last. Below is an example of the order typically found on a GAAP balance sheet: Current Assets Long Term Assets Current Liabilities Long Term Liabilities Shareholder Equity IFRS 2-2: Do the IFRS and GAAP conceptual frameworks differ in terms of the objective of financial reporting? Explain. No, GAAP and IFRS maintain very similar viewpoints on the objectivity of financial data. Both of these authoritative bodies agree that financial reporting data should be relevant and faithfully represented. Information that is relevant is anything that could be viewed as useful in the eyes of an investor, creditor, or regulator. Information that is faithfully represented should conform to  industry standards and any estimates should be conservative in nature. IFRS 2-3: What terms commonly used under IFRS is synonymous with common stock and balance sheet? Balance Sheet is synonymous with the â€Å"Statement of Financial Position† and Common Stock is typically labeled as â€Å"Share Capital Ordinary† on IFRS financial statements. IFRS 3-1: Describe some of the issues the SEC must consider in deciding whether the United States should adopt IFRS. The SEC has several aspects to consider when it comes to the adoption of IFRS in the United States. First, the SEC should consider the overall costs impact this will have on businesses. It is likely that it would cost billions of dollars in new reporting expenses for U.S corporations to implement IFRS. It would also require accounting firms to vastly change their education requirements. Second, the SEC’s main job is to protect investors from fraud on public exchanges. The commission must determine whether IFRS does a better job of protecting investors from unlawful activity. IFRS 4-1: Compare and contrast the rules regarding revenue recognition under IFRS versus GAAP. Under GAAP, it is possible to use cash-basis or accrual basis accounting for revenue recognition. Under cash basis, revenue is recognized with payment is received. Under accrual basis, revenue is recognized when it becomes economically significant. GAAP has specific requirements for various industries on when an event qualifies to be recognized as revenue. IFRS has fewer requirements on revenue recognition, but follows the same basic principle of economic significance. Revenue can be recorded when t is probable that any future economic benefit associated with the item of revenue will flow to the entity and it can be measured reliably. IFRS 4-2: Under IFRS, do the definitions of revenues and expenses include gains and losses? Explain. Under IFRS, revenue is used to describe the total amount of economic benefits arising from the ordinary operating activities of a business. Therefore, it does not include non-operating gains. This principle applies equally to expenses, which do not include losses from non-operating activities. FRS 7-1: Some people argue that the internal control requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) put U.S. companies at a competitive disadvantage to companies outside the United States. Discuss the competitive implications (both pros and cons) of SOX. When it was implemented in 2002, SOX created an array of new reporting requirements for publically traded companies. While it is true that this costs American  businesses additional capital in compliance expenses, it also creates a more stable financial system. The major frauds of Enron and WorldCom were much more damaging the financial system. Overall, it reduces the risks for investors in public companies and encourages foreign direct investment. After all of the information was gathered, I could say that I have a much better understanding of the differences between the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). References: Terms Synonymous with Common Stock and Balance Sheet – IFRS2-3. (n.d.). Retrieved January 16, 2015, from http://octotutor.com/terms-synonymous-with-common-stock-and-balance-sheet-ifrs2-3/ Still in flux: Future of IFRS in U.S. remains unclear after SEC report. (n.d.). Retrieved January 16, 2015, from http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/2012/Sep/20126059.htm

Marcus Garvey Essay -- essays research papers fc

I believe one of the most influential African Americans of all time is Marcus Garvey. Marcus Garvey achieved accomplishments in not just one, but many areas. His accomplishments ranged from a worldwide Black political organization, The Untied Negro Improvement Association, to the first, and to this day the largest Black-owned multinational businesses, the Black Star Lines. Marcus was criticized by many of his fellow African American leaders because many of his projects failed. In despite of that, Marcus Garvey talent to attract followers towards his beliefs is inspiring.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marcus Mosiah Garvey was born into a poor family on August 17, 1887 at St. Annà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bay, Jamaica. Marcus was born the youngest of 11 children. His father was a stonemason who supposedly descended from the maroons. Maroons are African American slaves who defended their freedom from British and Spanish invaders. Garvey had to itemize his pride in the unmixed African heritage of his parents. Marcus grew up and received little education in Jamaica, so he was largely self-taught. At age 14 Marcus had to find work in a print shop to help out his family. Marcus began to doubt the value of trade union after he was involved the first printers strike of 1907. Marcus Garvey began to complain about the mistreatment of African workers to British authorities and was appalled by the little response and that left him very skeptical about any hope for justice from the white people (Rogoff 72). In 1912 Marcus Garvey studies abroad in London. He began writing African p ublications and became an avid supporter of African independence. I believe the turning point in Marcus Garveyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fight for African freedom and equality came after he read Booker T. Washingtonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s book, Up From Slavery. Garvey à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“responded warmly to ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s thesis of black self helpà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Kranz, Koslow 86). With that notion in mind Marcus Garvey returned to Jamaica in 1914 ready to make a difference.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marcus was not noticed for just one accomplishment is his lifetime, but many on them. When Marcus returned to Jamaica he got re-acquainted with a group of friends and founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), which sought, among other things, to work on black emigration to Africa. It also promoted racial pride, education, and black business activity. In Jamaica Garvey didnà ¢... ...y of Wisconsin Press. The reason I believe this is a quality book that deserves more study is because it involves Marcus Garveyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s most renowned accomplishment, the organization of the UNIA. It also shows how Marcus overcame his failures to become a black role model and leader. All of the books on Marcus Garvey show people that no matter what happens, wither you fail or succeed, you can become a successful person as long as you believe in what your doing. BIBLIOGRAPHY à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Black Nationalismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 24 Feb. 1999 http://www.eb.com:180/bol/topic?eu=15698&sctn=1. Cronon, David E. Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Madison Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969. Hill, Robert A. Marcus Garvey: Life and Lessons. Calif.: University of California Press, 1987. Krans, Rachel and Philip J. Koslow, The Biographical Dictionary Of African Americans. New York: Checkmark Books, 1999. Rogoff, Edward G., John Trinkus, and Alvin Puryear. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Perhaps the times have not yet caught up to Marcus Garvey, an early Champion of Ethnic Entrepreneurship.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Journal of Small Business Management 3 (1998) 66-71

Cross-cultural communication, Essay

The purpose of this essay is to use reflection on an aspect of my learning that I have come across so far as a student nurse, and how I plan to use this knowledge when I start my placements. This will give me a good base on which to build my interpersonal skills. After having a brief introduction on various religions, it brought to my attention the diversity in multi cultural societies and how, as a nurse I need a good understanding of treatment and communication barriers that I will come across. The United Kingdom (UK) has welcomed a mixture of ethnic groups, each bringing with their own culture, with their own language. Multiculturalism is an ideology that promotes the institutionalism of communities containing multiple cultures. I have taken it upon myself to find out information to gain more knowledge on different religions, values and beliefs, and the different aspects of care this relates to. This will then enable me to support patients and their families more efficiently, effectively and in a patient centred manor. In terms of using reflection throughout this essay, I Plan to use Gibbs Reflective Cycle (Gibbs 1988). This will help with structural preferences. I will also be reflecting individually on some of the knowledge I gained. Reflection aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice to show the interrelation of skills and knowledge. Reflection relates to me as a student nurse as suggested by Hargreaves (1997 pp.04) â€Å"that reflective practice is often included in professional education programs as a way of encouraging practitioners to critically evaluate their behaviour, beliefs and ideas on practice†. She states that this will lead to improved clinical expertise and, consequently, improve nursing care. Description The first Lecture I received on Religion was an Introduction to the chaplaincy team. They provide spiritual guidance for anyone needing advice, courage and support. Wittenburg-Lyles E, (2008) explains that The Chaplaincy team are able to provide visits to local places. This lecture increased my awareness of faith and moral issues. During my placements, I will come across many different cultures and religions. This is when I realised I needed to do a lot of research into different faiths to enable me to support my patients and their beliefs. I was given an example that I may come across. Some religious belief in praying on their knees, if a patient for some reason needed to have their leg amputated, this would then effect a certain aspect of their life. Therefore I would need to support them in a way that they could still meet there religious needs. I will reflect on this in practice by widening my knowledge on different religions. Next, we explored Morals, Values and beliefs; here I learnt about the responsibilities I will have as a nurse, for example, how to respect patient’s dignity and privacy (Baillie, 2011). I have an understanding that each individual is unique. I will reflect on this in practice by treating each patient as an individual. Regardless of their race, ethnic, gender, sexual orientation, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs or political beliefs. Thirdly in another lecture, I was introduced to two service users and cultural perspectives in health care. A Buddhist from the Chaplaincy service came in to the university. I found it very interesting finding out some Buddhism’s beliefs. For an example, death is inevitable and Buddhists like to prepare for death when meditating. Buda’s also like to carry a small Buda, picture of a Buda or beads for chanting to remember their teacher. We then had a talk about Christianity from a Catholic Farther. I learnt that there will be dietary requirements inside Christianity, as some Christians will only eat fish on a Friday, no meat. They also like to carry on them a symbol of Christianity. That may be beads, holy water or a wooden cross. Christians do not like to be overly exposed during personal care needs. This has now widened my knowledge on two different religions. I shall reflect on this by taking the knowledge I have gained into practice, for when I come across patients with these beliefs. As a nurse sometimes there will be conflict when it comes to religions of employees but you must not to be judgemental, (Nursing and Midwifery council (NMC), 2010). Because of being a nurse, this is mainly due to infection control. Some staff maybe asked to remove clothing or jewellery, which could be against their religious beliefs, although head wear is now allowed for nursing and doctors. Some would argue this is discrimination, as some can get away with it. I think this is a typical example of how religious beliefs can also affect staff as well as patients and relatives. NMC (2010) states that as a nurse I may recognise diversity and respect with cultural differences, values and beliefs of others including the people you care for and other members of staff. Feelings I feel the lectures I attended were very interesting, it was not until this point that I realised it would be a very interesting topic to reflect upon and learn more about. Both the Buddhist and the Christian, were very helpful when anyone wanted to know anything, they both leased with the class at the start of their lecture by making a plan of what, we as a class wanted to cover throughout the duration of the lecture. I do feel that I held back too much when it came to questions at the end and could have asked some more questions myself, all though others asked similar questions to what I was thinking. The information I gained during these three lectures has been useful. But I felt as if I still needed to widen my knowledge further by doing some research. I believe the first step is to be self aware of my own cultural beliefs. Being self aware is crucial as will identify any prejudices or attitudes that could be making a barrier in front of good communication, best practice and patient advocacy. Festini F (2009) comments that, Effective communication is the main aspect of delivering culturally competent care. This is where I needed to reflect upon myself by looking into the Johari Window and the four Quadrants. Being self aware is a two way process. If we do not know who we are, we don’t know how we appear to others. This made me realise I need to become more confident in myself when asking questions in front of my group. This will take time with feeling comfortable. Evaluation Throughout my learning on this topic so far, it has been very useful to see where my knowledge is lacking. I know need to research further into this topic. It has given me the incentive to widen my knowledge. These lectures on religion have been an eye opener. I have realised there is so much complexity in relation to region and different faiths that as a nurse, I will need to know about. Previously I would have had no knowledge on this. I will improve on this by using a range of research ideas to gain knowledge which will then increase efficiency, I will continue to reflect on this area in order to develop as a nurse. Analysis It was at this point I realised that although the information that I have gained so far has been more than useful, it did not answer all my questions. As I still need some more guidance on what to do in situations I may come across when out in practice, whether this may be communication or treatment barrier issues. Morals are influenced by cultural values, beliefs and religion, not only by the law (Griffith and Tengnah, 2010). Morals values and beliefs and assumptions influence healthcare. I understand that cultural and language barriers can complicate situations. As a professional I must have the ability to interact effectively with clients and other professionals. During social interaction, I believe that nurses should avoid stereotyping when caring for patients from different cultures, suggested by Alexis, (2011). I have come cross a few patients from different religions with their own languages whilst I have been working in care. When communicating with a patient that does not speak English as their first language, care can be compromised if effective communication is not used. When explaining something to the patient, there needs to be a balance between using simple sentences without being patronising. For example I would ask do you hurt anywhere, or are you in any pain? Instead of saying, are you in any discomfort? I would encourage staff not to use as many medical terms, I understand this may otherwise be confusing and distressing for the patient. I would only ask one question at a time to avoid overwhelming the individual. When asking patients these questions, I must also understand a patient’s cultural perceptions and experiences regarding pain (Magnusson, 2011). I can reflect on this when I go into practice by involving their cultural perceptions when decision making on pain relief. I think sometimes a quiet time is a good time to access your patient’s communication skills. I would then have more time to look at their non-verbal clues, posture, facial expressions, is there any eye contact used or maybe there are signs of anxiety. When situations arise around communication barriers I work with other members of staff, the patient’s relatives and different members of the multidisciplinary team so that I can find out the best ways possible to communicate with them, and any particular activities of daily living or rituals (Roper, Logan and Tierney, 1998), that are important and relevant to their cultural needs. In some of my findings, I came across some good examples of how there could be a barrier between you and your patient in terms of personal care. I found that some patients do not feel comfortable if they are being touched by the opposite sex. Others dislike their heads being uncovered, they must keep it covered with clothing for modesty. These views come mainly from Jewish and Islamic religions. I found it very interesting to know that two different religions may not like a certain part of care to be carried out but for two completely different reasons. Asian Americans do not like any touching of the head as their view is that it is impolite, as they believe that their spirit resides there. I found out that in some cases all you need to do is ask for permission. This reflects back to good communication skills. I consider the main objective of communication between the nurse and patients is that messages are understood accurately. My research told me that most health agencies have access to medical interpreters for major languages. There is usually a member of the family that maybe helpful by speaking English, but they are not as reliable as interpreters, explained by, Griffith, (2009). Another reason why not to use a family member as an interpreter is that they might only translate the bits that they want the patient to hear and not the full story. I understand that if there is a family member interpreter or a professional interpreter, the potential for misunderstanding can increase. I found the information from Ting Toomey (1999) very interesting for this. She describes three ways that culture can interfere with effective cross cultural understanding. These being, Cognitive constraints, Behaviour constraints and Emotional constraints. I believe that it is crucial that all staff should document the specific communication skills that are needed with each individual patient and the patient’s response. As suggested by Festini, (2011). Weather this be in the medical record or a care plan. In my past experiences it is also crucial that these affective communication skills are past on through handovers, which increases the opportunity for successful staff-patient interactions, (Randell, 2011). I plan to take my ideas and past experiences into practice with me. As I feel it works brilliantly and is effective in terms of meeting patients, beliefs and preferences. I am also aware that each placement I go to may have a different way of doing things. I look forward to gaining new knowledge that may better my communication skills for people with cultural preferences. It is also essential to remember privacy when assessing a patient from a different culture. A quiet setting is always best, most importantly somewhere where you will not be disturbed. This is where I would utilise my background knowledge into different religions, and use different strategies with in my knowledge. For example, some religions do not like direct eye contact. I read more into this when I spoke to some of the students in my class, as some of them are from different cultures. One from Zimbabwe explained to me that in Zimbabwe they only look people into the eye when they are looking for a fight or trouble. He also explained how he had to change his perception of others looking at him when he moved to the UK as every English man he came across looked into his eyes, this at first was scary for him, but he is now okay with it. This has brought to my attention that although this cannot be avoided, I as a nurse should still be respectful to their beliefs and consider the patients preferences. I also researched some of the decisions that patients make in connection to religious beliefs regarding treatment. Law can be used to challenge the decisions a parent or next of kin (NOK) decides but this usually only happens when the treatment is life saving. The NOK or the patient themselves need to be able to make an informed decision in order to give consent or refuse treatment. I am aware that some religions refuse certain life saving treatments, and understand my role as a nurse is to advocate in my patients best interest, inform the patient or NOK of treatment options and consequences of refusing treatment. Emergency situations will not arise everyday in my nurse training or career, but I have more knowledge of my role should I be faced with this type of situation. Where religion may sway a patient’s decision all other options for treatment should be considered (Haan, 2005). As a nurse, it is my job to ensure my patient has an advocate, alternatives, and support to understand consequences of treatments and what will happen if they refuse. Conclusion Initially I was unsure of which area of my learning I should reflect upon. After having worked in care previously, I felt looking into religion would not only be something good to reflect on but something interesting I could also learn upon. After everything I have learnt within this topic so far, I have gained a new perspective on religions, morals and beliefs. . I wasn’t sure whether I was going to use a reflective model because I wasn’t sure if it was going to be appropriate as it is very structured. Once I had started to educate myself on a Multicultural Society and throughout planning my notes I began to realise how helpful it was to have a structure, I was able to structure my notes into different sections which proved to be very useful. Throughout writing my essay I have learnt to have a lot more belief in myself and the ability I have in writing an essay. But I have been able to identify my lack of knowledge on religion and culture. I think social issues will arise when staff members have a lack of understanding and knowledge of different religious beliefs, other than their own. This gave me the incentive to learn and research more to gain a better understanding, and widen my knowledge. Therefore I will be able to educate other nurses. I belief I could still now, expand on this knowledge further and I plan to do this throughout my time as a student and in my future career. Action Plan My action plan will include and implement a method of reviewing everything that I have learnt from past experiences and research, thereby using reflective thinking. I will be apply the knowledge I have Learnt and encompass this in practice as a student nurse and also a registered nurse, which will help me become a safe and competent practitioner. If I was to come across a patient with specific religious beliefs I feel I could support them as well as their family by, not only by ensuring I provide good holistic care but also allowing them to maintain a good link with their religious beliefs. If I was to come across a patient that I could not talk to, I would use past experiences by using models and pictures which to a degree would be a great help. This would help the patients to identify their treatment procedures or help me to identify their needs. I understand that some patients I meet may have a family member that may make the decisions as their next of kin, or medical power of attorney. I believe I would also need to communicate well with the family member. I would take into consideration maybe a spiritual advisor, not just painkillers as a healer. In some people’s eyes, their god or spiritual leader is their way of healing. If in my career I come across a child patient for example in A&E, which had a religion barrier in the way of treatment. I would have to support certain legislations to ensure the refusing of medical treatment did not cause death, if parents deny this; I would have to involve other professionals. From my findings I now have good cross cultural communications skills, this can enhance my nursing. I could build the patients confidence in situations I may come across. By being aware and alert I feel I could improve the patient’s safety and wellbeing by minimising any cultural differences. I will enable my patients to continue with their religious practice whilst in a health care setting. â€Å"Word Count: 3004† References Alexis, O. 2011. Health and cultural sensitivity in a diversifying society. British journal of healthcare assistants , 5 (6), p.297. Baillie, L. 2011. Respecting dignity in care in diverse care settings: strategies of UK nurses. International Journal of nursing practice. 17 (4) p.336. Festini, F., 2009. Providing transcultural to children and parents: an exploratory study from Italy. Journal of nursing scholarship, 41 (2), pp.220-7. Forrest, M.E.S., 2011. On becoming a critically reflective practitioner, Health information and libraries journal, [online] Available at: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2008.00787.x/full [Accessed 01 may 2012]. Griffith, J.K., 2004. The religious aspects of nursing care. 4th ed. UBC School of Nursing. Griffith, R. and Tengnah, C., 2010. Law and professional issues in nursing. 2nd ed. Cornwall: Learning matters Ltd. Haan, J., 2005. A Jehovah’s witness with complex abdominal trauma and coagulopathy: use of factor VII and a review to the literature. American Surgeon, 71 (5), pp. 414-5. Hargreaves, J., 2002. Reflecting on your expert practice. Nursing Times Net. [online]28 February. http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-research/reflecting-on-your-expert-practice. [ 29 April 2012]. Logan, Rogan, Tierney., 2000. The Roper, Logan and Tierney (1996) Model: perceptions and operationalization of the model in psychiatric nursing with in a health board in Ireland. Jan Journal of advanced nursing, 31 (6). Pp.1333-1341. Magnusson, JE., 2011. Understanding the role of culture in pain: maori practitioner perspectives relation to the experience of pain. New Zealand medical journal. 124 (1328), pp.41-51. Randell, R., 2011. The importance of the verbal shift handover report: a multi-site case study. International Journal of medical informatics, 80 (11), pp. 803-12. Wittenberg-lyles, E., 2008. Communication dynamics in hospice teams, understanding the role of the chaplain in interdisciplinary team collaboration. Journal of palliative medicine, 11 (10), p.336. International online training program on intractable conflict, 1999. Cultural barriers to effective communication. [online] Available at: www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/problem/cultrbar. htm [Accessed 10 April 2012) Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2010. Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwifes, London: NMC

Ap World Histroy Dbq

DBQ Political, religious, and social factors affected the work of scientist in the sixteenth and seventeenth century in many ways. They were the reasons why natural philosophers questioned, studied, and continued to find new information in their discoveries. Developing a new scientific worldview must have required an abundance of controversy dealing with these important factors. There were people who believed that the discoveries made should not interfere with political power. *Thomas Hobbes, an English Philosopher, certainly believed in many theories’ that scientists had viewed. However he is best known for his political thought.Certainly his political views were included in his scientific works (Doc 7). Louis XVI, a political power, showed interest into the scientific studies. This evidently showed on a drawing to honor Louis XVI’s visit to the French Royal Academy (Doc 10). Clearly, science was encouraged to flourish because people knew the happiness of the country, for not only depending on the arms abroad but for also creating abundances at home (Doc 11). The social factor was furthermost likely to have been more analyzed in scientist works. Many were interested in what people thought of them and their studies.Scientist were even more proficient in removing their experiments completely if people disagreed. Marin Mersenne guaranteed that his experiments had been repeated more than 100 times, but however was willing to change them if someone did not agree. Others however, were confident in their studies and did not care for much criticism (Doc 1). The reason for why natural philosophers were sometimes held back was because they truly did not know what their objective was. This is most likely why they made slight progress in the sixteenth and seventeenth centauries (Doc 4). Religion was unquestionably a factor scientist considered.They took the principles of God into their works. It appeared impossible to them how things could have so much aston ishing features and qualities and still have been created out of nature. They knew these things became to exist from an immeasurable wisdom and power (Doc 8). Just as God governs minds, minds have specific laws which place them above the moments of matter (Doc 12). Bible stories were used as comparisons with scientific views, such as John Calvin mentioning Moses who wrote in a popular style where all ordinary persons gifted with common sense and were able to be understood (Doc 2). He is a French Protestant theologian which may be what leads him to trust that astronomy unfolds the admirable wisdom of God. There were those who were not affected with political, religious, and social factors because they were limited on human rights. Women had certain difficulties in the scientific area. Margret Cavendish would have set her own school of natural philosophy if she would have not have feared the casting of a male school. *Margaret, a natural philosopher, was certainly interested in discov eries however, she understood the complications of having a part in this grouping (Doc 9).Studies should have been allowed from those who wished to learn, as well as those who selected to reject whatever is unidentified to them (Doc2). Both genders could have formed a friendship between intelligent associations; this would have been a great aid to the investigation and education of the truth (Doc 6). Political, religious, and social factors were massive topics. Natural Philosophers certainly were aware of their process of studies and experiments. They all had different views on the three factors causing old and new discoveries to be more interesting.

Free Essays on Frank Herberts World Of Dune

â€Å"A beginning is a very delicate time. Know then that it is the year 10191. The known universe is ruled by the Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV, my father. In this time, the most precious substance in the universe is the spice melange. The spice extends life, the spice expands consciousness, the spice is vital to space travel. The Spacing Guild and its navigators, who the spice has mutated over four thousand years, use the orange spice gas which gives them the ability to fold space. That is travel to any part of the universe without moving. Oh yes, I forgot to tell you, the spice exists on only one planet in the entire universe : a desolate, dry planet with vast deserts. Hidden away within the rocks of these deserts are a people known as Fremen who have long held a prophecy, that a man would come, a messiah, who would lead them to true freedom. The planet is Arrakis, also known as... DUNE.† (Dune by Frank Herbert) This starts the beginning to one of the most memorable worlds in Science Fiction. Arrakis or Dune is the creation of SF author Frank Herbert. It is a world and universe full of complex cultures, histories and interactions. This world belongs in the same class as Larry Niven’s Ringworld. Isaac Asimov’s Foundation, Philip Jose Farmer’s Riverworld and many others. Mr. Herbert created a world inhabited with complex characters and ideas as well. He explores Arrakis through several books in a connected series. The exploration of this world begins with the author. Frank Herbert was born and lived throughout the Pacific states during his life time. He had several jobs in his life, but was primarily a journalist and photographer. Most of his knowledge was self-acquired in subjects like geology, marine biology and many others. His knowledge found its way into many of his books and stores. Mr. Herbert had a prolific writing career that ended in 1986 upon his death. Though he wrote many other books, the Dune books were his most ... Free Essays on Frank Herbert's World Of Dune Free Essays on Frank Herbert's World Of Dune â€Å"A beginning is a very delicate time. Know then that it is the year 10191. The known universe is ruled by the Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV, my father. In this time, the most precious substance in the universe is the spice melange. The spice extends life, the spice expands consciousness, the spice is vital to space travel. The Spacing Guild and its navigators, who the spice has mutated over four thousand years, use the orange spice gas which gives them the ability to fold space. That is travel to any part of the universe without moving. Oh yes, I forgot to tell you, the spice exists on only one planet in the entire universe : a desolate, dry planet with vast deserts. Hidden away within the rocks of these deserts are a people known as Fremen who have long held a prophecy, that a man would come, a messiah, who would lead them to true freedom. The planet is Arrakis, also known as... DUNE.† (Dune by Frank Herbert) This starts the beginning to one of the most memorable worlds in Science Fiction. Arrakis or Dune is the creation of SF author Frank Herbert. It is a world and universe full of complex cultures, histories and interactions. This world belongs in the same class as Larry Niven’s Ringworld. Isaac Asimov’s Foundation, Philip Jose Farmer’s Riverworld and many others. Mr. Herbert created a world inhabited with complex characters and ideas as well. He explores Arrakis through several books in a connected series. The exploration of this world begins with the author. Frank Herbert was born and lived throughout the Pacific states during his life time. He had several jobs in his life, but was primarily a journalist and photographer. Most of his knowledge was self-acquired in subjects like geology, marine biology and many others. His knowledge found its way into many of his books and stores. Mr. Herbert had a prolific writing career that ended in 1986 upon his death. Though he wrote many other books, the Dune books were his most ...

Outstanding Ideas for a Subject Fair and Guidelines

Outstanding Ideas for a Subject Fair and Guidelines Science Fair Projects: What You Need to Know A science fair project is one of the most popular assignments to test what students have learned in the class. When completing such a task, you need to research the chosen problem, offer the best solutions and design a way to test offered ideas. Such experiments are quite popular in high schools, but they require more skills than just basic knowledge of the subject. Distinguishing features of such assignments are originality, research and analytical skills. Your project should also be relevant to the latest technologies and inventions. It should contribute to the society and offer a solution to one of the modern problems. The best ideas for your science fair project There are many ideas, which will help you to get started. They differ depending on your academic level because you need to understand the discussed topic freely. Below you will find lists of great ideas for your science fair project depending on the grade and subjects. Elementary topics The following ideas are designed for students of a 4th grade. They aim to show what you have learned during your 3rd and 4th grade, so don’t hesitate to choose the one, which suits you the most: How do seeds germinate; Soda carbonation; How soil erosion can be prevented; How Easter eggs are dyed; Is it possible to have a color-mixed crystal? Usage of hydrogel crystals in detecting humidity; Insulators and conductors; Factors, which cause dew; How soil erosion can be prevented? Various taste zones of our tongue. Middle school topics 8th grade students should be able to perform all the skills they have gained in the 5, 6, 7 and 8th grades. Here are some of the best topics: Can chewing gum make students smarter? Dependence on solar power on temperature; Influence of light on plants; How fabric softener influences different types of fabrics; Do we have a blind spot? Electromagnetic trains: how they work; How to power a radio, using solar power; How smell and taste interlink; Ways to clear up an oxidized coin; Impact of music on different biological species. Ideas for various subjects During high school students need to face multiple subjects and very often teachers simply ask them to invent the topic independently. We have some ideas for you! Chemistry Influence of acids on corrosion; How to turn milk to plastic; Homemade PH paper; Solution for soluble separation; How to identify chemical substances. Electronics and electricity Medical applications, which remind when you need to take pills; How to make a dimmer switch; Magnets to detect current; Brightness and current; Wire recording. Food science and cooking How to determine the content of iodine in salt; Does the level of sugar differ depending on fruit ripening? How much water dried beans absorb; How to choose the right pot; How to measure the sweetness of your meal. Microbiology Resistance of antibiotics; How to minimize bacteria, while cooking meat; Use of disinfectants. Power and energy How to turn oil to fuel; Energy of biomass; How to extract energy from the ocean? Usage of hydropower; Creating a solar oven on your own. How to choose the most suitable science fair project topic Once you get familiar with various ideas for your science fair, you need to decide which suits you the most. It can be very challenging not knowing where to start and what to do. That is why we offer you some tips to choose a perfect idea: Does the topic meet the teacher’s requirements? The chosen idea must fulfill all of the requirements, because you risk of being disqualified; Can you complete the project? The chosen topic must fit your skills. If you select a difficult idea you will need more time to complete it and will most likely have to turn for side assistance; Can you deliver it on time? Long-lasting projects may result in late delivery, which can influence your final grade. Choose a topic, which you can surely deliver before the deadline; Make sure you are able to provide all the tools and items, required by the experiment. If you have a limited budget, you won’t be able to conduct a science fair project, which requires expensive equipment.

A Possible Israeli-Palestinian Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

A Possible Israeli-Palestinian Solution - Essay Example Many Palestinians continue to live in disastrous situations in Gaza and the West Bank, while the Israelis continue to expand their settlements into Palestinian occupied territories and defying previous resolutions that have been passed. The ongoing negotiations have flirted with a resolution for some time, yet nothing substantial has been reported about resolving the conflict. This analytical research paper will argue that the grand debates on finding a solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict still make headlines after a long standstill due to cultural and religious differences between the two parties, nationalistic rhetoric coming from the politicians, and Israel still holding anger over the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) recognizing Palestine as a non-member observer in 2012. The Two-State Solution (TSS) focuses on the creation of two separate states and will potentially give rise to a new Palestinian recognized state alongside a Jewish state. On the other hand, a one-sta te solution calls for the reunification of Palestine into a single state and creates a common nationality for both Jews and Palestinians and would ultimately end the current Jewish state (Allegra & Napolitano, 2011). The continued growth of Israeli settlements in the West Bank, confiscation of Palestinian land in Gaza, building of security barriers, development of Jewish housing estates in East Jerusalem, and proliferation of checkpoints in Gaza and the West Bank have led a number of Palestinians to conclude that a two-state solution may no longer be possible (Kelman, 2011). As a result, many Palestinians, particularly from the Diaspora (not from the West Bank), now advocate for a one-state solution while considering the difficulties of the Jews leaving expanding settlements in Gaza. There are growing fears among Jews, particularly in Gaza and the West Bank, that the possibility of a two-state solution that would force them to leave their settlements and return to Israel in order to pave way for a Palestinian state (Kelman, 2011). However, opposition to a one-state solution dislike the fact that this would place Jews together with Palestinians and likely involve abolishing the Jewish state and merging both entities to create single state for both the Jews and Palestinians to dwell in. This would mean abandonment of the Zionism project that aims to establish a Jewish majority state. It also implies that a one-state solution would have unanimous opposition from both the Palestinians and Jews. Therefore, the chances of a one-state solution are reduced and the likelihood of a two-state solution becomes more viable. In fact, the current Israel Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, publicly declared the necessity of a two-state solution in his Bar-Ilan speech on June 14, 2009 (Kelman, 2011). Consequently, the only viable and possible solution to the Israel- Palestine conflict would be establishment of two parallel states, one each for the Jews and Palestinians, to mak e it possible for each side to achieve complete autonomy in the establishment of Palestinian and Jewish states.  

Size Exclusion Chromatography- Protein Separation Polyacrylamide Gel Lab Report

Size Exclusion Chromatography- Protein Separation Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis - Lab Report Example These standards were used to plot the calibration curve. The retention times, which is equivalent to elution volume (Ve) of each protein was plotted as a function of the log 10 of the molecular weight of the standards as shown in figure two. This calibration curve was used to estimate the relative molecular weights of the unknown samples. The Value for X and Y in this function is equivalent to elution volume (Ve) and Log10 of the molecular weight. Substituting Ve with the retention time value, the Log M and molecular weights of the unknown samples were determined as shown on table three below. Size exclusion chromatography is a HPLC technique that separates molecules based on their size or molecular weight (Bernd, 2). Using this technique the molecular weight of five unknown protein molecules was estimated as shown in table three. However, the validation assay of the technique did not give expected resolution, limits the validity of the results. Clear and distinct peaks on this graph depict a high resolution of the assay and thus credible results. A number of factors; such as column length, flow rate and technical errors may have influenced the poor resolution of the peaks in the UV protein absorption profile (Hong and Fountain, 5-6). Further optimization experiments may be necessary to overcome these errors and achieve a good