Project management research approaches

Project management research approaches Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 1.1 Determine and validate appropriate areas for research 3 1.2 Determine a suitable research approach.. 3-4 1.3 Develop suitable research questions/ hypotheses for selected area of research 4-5 2.1 Develop a detailed research proposal for chosen..5-6 2.2 Apply relevant research methods for area and type of research.. 6-7 2.3 Analyse ethical issues relating to research.. 8-9 2.4 Analyse research findings and generate valid conclusions.. 9-11 3.1 Evaluate research methods, techniques 11-12 3.2 Present results and conclusions in a suitable format for audience. 12-13 Bibliography.13 Introduction Research is undertaken within most professions. It is a way of thinking, examining critically the various aspects of the professional work. It is the process of collecting analysizing and interpreting information to answer questioins. Determine and validate appropriate areas for research The first task in a research work is to collect data and information about the topic. The researcher uses the data collected in the survey to find solution , within the boundry of random mistake. Performance management can be defined as a process of taking systematic action to improve organizational, team and individual performance. Project management is the application of knowledge, skills and techniques to execute projects effectively and efficently. Project management process falls into five groups: Initiating Planning Executing Monitoring and Controlling Closing Every study has two aspects: Study population People Subject Area Problems Program Phenomenon Determine a suitable research approach Generally there are two ways of reasoning used for research: Deductive approach Inductive approach Deductive Approach Deductive approach takes into account, developing a hypothesis which takes into account an already existing theory and then formulating a research strategy to check the hypothesis. ( Wilson, 2010, p.7) Deductive means reasoning from the particular to the general. Deductive approach involves in developing a theory, which is subject to accurate test. This approach infers to generalisation. To make a generalisation through deductice approach, it is necessary to select samples of sufficent numerical size. (Collis and Hussey, 2003). Snieder and Larner (2009) informs that in deductive approach reasoning starts with a theory and leads to new hypothesis, that will be confirmed or rejected as a result of research’ Theory — Hypothesis Observation -Confirmation/Rejection Inductive Approach The research using inductive approach is concerned with human’s behaviour and the context in which certain events take place. This approach allows one to provide subjective reasoning with the help of various examples. It lays emphasises on meaningful understanding of human attachment to the event. This is related to development of human resources in the organization (Ritchie and Lewis 2003). Four approaches are Logical theoretical approach Quantitative approach experimental research Qualitative approach – observational research Participatory – action research. Develop suitable research questions/ hypotheses for selected area of research Research questions Generally interest in a specfic area starts the research process, but it is the familarity with the subject that helps to define an appropriate question for study. Knowledge of present trends and technological advances help in formulating research questions. All questions should be developed at the begnining and planning stage of study. Any additional question should never compromise on primary questions. The more the number of questions, more will be complexity of study and its analysis. Hulley and colleagues have suggested the use of FINER ( Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, Relevant) criteria in preparing qustions for research. Research Hypothesis The research question and hypothesis should be developed before start of study. The formation of hypothesis results a study with focus. It guides as to which data is to be collected and which not. The hypothesis is developed from main research question and thereafter elements of study – sampling strategy, intervention comparision and outcome variables – are summarizedin the form that prepares ground for testing, stastical and finally clinical sagnificance. The hypothesis should be stated at he begnining so as to guide the objective of study. Hypothesis bring clarity, specificity and focus to a research but are not compulsary for a study. A valid research can be conducted without constructing formal hypothesis. As there are so many ways to ask questions, the questionnaire should be flexible, tested carefully before using on a large scale. Questions should be kept simple and short. Avoid leading questions. Open ended questions allow for a larger variety of responses from participants but are difficult to anlyse statistically because data have to be coded or reduced in some manner. Close ended questions are easy to analyse statistically, but they limit the responses that participants can give. Combination of both beginning with a number of closed ended questions, it ends with a section of open ended questions for more detailed response. 2.1 Develop a detailed research proposal for chosen area of research Research Proposal Research is a systematic investigation to find answers to a problem. Both qualitative and quantitative methoods be used appropriately in the research. Research proposal reviewer will lookatthree primary criteria: Relevance of the research from both managerial and an academic perspective. Managerial: will the research bring added value to improve managerial practices? Academic: will your research bring new knowledge to your field? 2 Research feasibility Within specifiedperiod Data accessibilty Primary data collection 3 Proposal Quality Writing style Logical articulation of arguments Structure and organization Some skills that need to be developed in areas of research: Decision making Prioritizing Valuating To respond to problems, experiences and opportunities and to learn from them To generate ideas without limits of policy ir structure or feasibility Involving other people Communicating. 2.2 Apply relevant research methods for area and type of research There are two types of data Primary Data – collected for the first time. Secondary Data – which has already been collected and analysed by some one else. Primary data collection Observation Method It is collection of primary data by researcher’s own team under his observation, without asking from respondents. Observatons can give information which people are not willing or unable to provide.e.g. observing a large number of plates containing uneaten portions of same menu item indicates that food was not satisfactory. But because of certain limitations, research is generally supplemented with survey research. Survey method This approach is suited for collecting descriptive information. Structured Survey- uses formal list of questions for all the participnts of the survey. Unstructured Survey – in this process interviewer probes the participants and guide the participants according to their answers. Research can be direct or indirect. In direct approach researcher asks direct questions about behaviour and thoughts, e.g., why don’t you eat at this restaurant? But in indirect approach the question asked will be, what kind of people eat at this particular restaurant? Contact Methods Survey can be conducted by collecting information through mail, telephone, or postal interview. Mail questionnaires is used to collect large amount of information at low cost. As no interviewer is involved to bias the respondents answers. In this case response rate is lw and there is no control over who answers. Telephone interviewing is a quick method, allows greater sample control and response rate is higher than mail. Its cost is higher. Interviewer’s manner of talking maay effect answers. Personal interviewing is very flexible and can be used to collect large amounts of information. It may cost more than telephonic survey. It can be biased by the interviewer. Sample design The conclusions are genarally drawn by taking a group as a sample. A sample is a segment of popukation selected to represent as a whole. Secondary Data Collection Secondary data is others data, and is shared by other people as a view of their perception. Many researchers requires collection of primary data to support the secondary data. The secondary data is collected from existing sources e.g. official ststistics, annuak appraisals, journals, history and articles. Types of Research There are different types of research for different purposes Audience research Market research Production research 2.3 Analyse ethical issues relating to research The collection of data through any methos involve some ethical issues relating to both the researcher and the participants. Ethical issues concerning Participants Collecting Information: If one cannot justify relevance of the research, he is wasting his participants time ,which is unethical. Seeking Consent: In every field it is unethical to collect information without knowledge of participant and their expressed willingness and informed consent. Consent should be voluntary and without any kind of pressure. Providing incentives: Giving a present before data collection is unethical. Seeking Sensitive Information: Certain information is considered sensitive or confidential by some people. For most people questions on income, age, marital status, drug use, etc. are intrusive. It is not unethical to ask such questions, if we tell the participants type of information you are gong to collect clearly, and give him sufficient time to decide if he wants to participate. Possibility of causing harm to participants: Collection of data should not harm participants in any way. If the way information sought creates anxiety or harrashment, steps be taken to prevent it. Maintaining Confidentiality: Sharing information about a participant with others for purposes other than research is unethical. Information provided by participant be kept anonymous. It is unethical to identify an individual’s responses. Ethical issues relating to Researcher: Avoid Bias: Bias is an attempt to either hide orhighlight something disproportionate to its true position. Bias on the part of researcher is unethical. Provision or deprivation of treatment: Both provision and deprivation of a treatment/ intervation may pose ethical dilemma for a researcher. Ensuring informed consent, minimum risk and frank discussions as to the implications of participation in the study will help to resolve ethical ssues. Using appropriate research methodology: It is unethical to use a method or procsedure known as inappropriate e.g. selecting a highly biased sample, using an invalid instrument or drawing wrong conclusions. Incorrect reporting: To change report findings in a way to serve your own or someone else’s interest is unethical. Inappropriate use of the information: The use of information in a way that it dirctly or indiretly affects the participants is unethical. 2.4 Analyse research findings and generate valid conclusions When analysing data start from review of research goals, this will help organizing data and focus analysis. For example if one want to improve a programme by identifying its strengths and weaknessess, you can organize data into program strengths, weaknesses and suggestions to improve the program. Processing and analysing data is based on a number of closely related operations performed for summing up the data collected and arranging these in a manner that they answer the research questions. Data Processing operations are: Editing Classification Tabulation Basic analysis of quantitative information Make copies of data , and sore your master copy. Use copy for making edits,cuttings and pastings etc. Tabulate the information i.e. add up the number of ratings, rankings, yes’s, no’s for each question. For ratings and rankings consider computing a mean or average Cosider conveying range of answers e.g., 20 people ranked ‘1’, 30 ranked â€Å"2† etc. Basic analysis of qualitative information Read through all data. Organize comments into similar catogeries, suggestions,strengths, weaknesses, similar expriences, program inputs, recommendations, outputs, outcome indicators.etc. Label the categories in themes, e.g., concerns or suggestions, etc. Attempt to identify patterns or associations and casual relationship in themes. Keep all commentry for a long period after completion in case need arise for future reference. Qualitative research involves collectiuon, analysis and interpretation of data that can not be easily rsduced to numbers., as this data relate to social world and the concepts of the behaviors of people within it. It can be found in all social sciences and all applied fields that derive from them. The initial phase of data analysis is to examine the quality of data ( presence or absence of extreme observations), the quality of measurements and if the implementation of study was in line with research design. In main phase of analysis either an exploratory or confirmatory approach can be adopted. Both approaches have their place in reserch, both have their strengths and weaknesses. In some studies one has to combine both approaches. For example to find types of cuisine/accomodation available in a city and extent of their popularity in the city. Types of cuisine is a qualitative aspect of study and extent of popularity is a quanititative aspect as it is based on finding the number of people who visit restaurant. Quantitative data can be analysed by regression analysis, where relationship between dependent and independent variable is measured. It help one to find out how the value of dependant variable changes when one of the independent variable is varied, and other independent variables are held fixed. Qualitative data can involve coding, key concepts and variables are assigned a shorthand and data gathered is broken downinto those concepts of variables. Coding is the process of categorizing the qualitative data so that data becomes quantifiable and thus measureable. How data is coded depends on researchers, the same qualitative data can be coded in so many different ways giving attention to different aspects of the data. One such example is given in the figure below. Coding Without a valid design, valid scientific conclusions cannot be drawn. Internal validity concerns the degree to which conclusions about the casuality can be drawn. External validity concerns the extent to which results of the study are generalizeable. 3.1 Evaluate research methods, techniques and findings and comment on validity of research. Evaluation of the project is planned for right from the onsetand is going on as the different milestones are tackled. Type of evaluation that goes on during the project is referred as formative evaluation, because the project is being formed. The evalustion conducted at the end commonly referred as summative evaluation, because the project is being summed up. All research, no matter how well they are controlled, carries the potential to be wrong. Most After conducting research, analyzing it and evaluating the results is an important work. Statistics are manuplated everyday to change the conclusions drawn. Before accepting the results of a study one must evaluate the research techniques used, the study protocol and other factors to determine if the study’s claims are valid. There must be randomization of the sample groups and necessary care and intelligence shown in allocation of controls. Internal validity and trustworthness are at the core of any research design. External validity is the process of examining the results and questioning whether there are any possible casual relationship. Any scientific study only puts forward a possible cause for the studied effect. There are always chances of another unknown factors contributing to the results and findings. If the study was designed to contain validity and reliability then scientific community is more likely to accept the findings. The high degree of validity and reliability provides not only confidence in data collected but trust in successful application and use of results. The validity of a research settles down to whether the study is giving results what it was claiming to do. For example if someone is buying a research report from an organization claiming to calculate how people prefer marketer’s production than its competitors’ products, the marketer should know how the data was secured to help knoiw if the research really gives the information the way the research company wants it to do. Since most analysis are based on observational studies rather than on results of a controlled experiment, avoid drawing results concerning casuality. When studying changes over time, short term trends should not be focused without checking them in light of medium and long term trends. Where possible avoid arbitrary time reference points. 3.2 Present results and conclusions in a suitable format for audience Information on how the survey was done, as anyone may want to repeat it. This information is often included in the appenixes to the main report. It includes full questionnaire, detailed sample design, fieldwork procedures, interviewer’s instructions, data entry instructions and recommendations for futures study- as how to do better next time. This report should containall the details given below. Focus the article on important variables and topics. Arrange ideas in a logical order. Keep languge as simple as possible. Use graphs in additiuon to text and tables to communicate the message. When tables are used take care that overall format adds to clarity of data and prevents misrepresentation. Explain rounding practices and procedures. Satisfy confidentiality requirements of the source whose data isbeing analysed. Include information about data sources used and shorcomings in the data that may have affected the analysis. Include information about analytical method and tools ysed. Include information regarding quality of results. Ensure that all refercences are accurate. Check for errors in the article. Check accuracy of external data and simple arithmatics. Ensure that intentions stated in the introduction are fulfilled. Get the results reviewed by others for relevance, accuracy and comprehensibility. As a good practice consider presenting the results to peers prior to finalizing the text. Refer to available documents that could provide further guidance for improvement. Bibliography Stolley, Karl.Primary Research. Purdue Online Writing Lab. Retrieved 21 May 2013. Snieder, R Larner, K, 2009, The Art of Being a Scientist: A Guide for Graduate Students and their Mentors, Cambridge University Press http://www.ihmctan.edu/PDF/notes/Research_Methodology.pdf www.boundless.com/sociology/sociological-research/the-research-process/analyzing-data-and-growing-conclusions/ www.managementhelp.org/businessresearch/analysis.htm

Profile of the Self Essay -- Decision Making Personality Essays

Profile of the Self  Ã‚   â€Å"You are requested to close the eyes.† This urging that Sigmund Freud experienced in a dream helped to unlock repressed feelings, and gave him insight into his personality. Fortunately, there are now tests available to help us to understand ourselves. Our behavior can be determined and understood by analyzing different aspects of ourselves. The four main aspects are: Decision Making, Self-Concept, Interpersonal Relationships, and Affect. Decision Making is very important.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Making decisions is really much more complicated than it seems. When I make decisions, my Id, Ego, and Superego decide my fate. Unfortunately for me, my Id wins far too often, as I often do not study enough. Other personality traits, such as my tendency to over-think and analyze too many things, also play a role. This can influence my other behaviors by making me seem cold and distant with others because I’m too busy thinking. My self-concept is also important.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Self-concept is how I view myself. This affects me in a number of ways. My self esteem and role expectations are all based off of my self-concept. My self-concept also can be a self-fulfilling prophecy. If I think that I have low self discipline, then I may subconsciously change my behavior to achieve what I think I am or should be. My real self still does not meet with my ideal self, which could potentially cause problems, or cause things to go well. My inadequacies in orderliness can never improve as long a...

The Circles of English

The Circles of English English has become one of the most important languages around the world through speaking, different accents and words. The power of this language has been determined by the important of United States as economic leader and the expansion of British colonial power explained Cristal (59). According to White, the language has different categories and barriers that make English different in the world. This author based his research on the classification of English through three different circles created by Braj Kachru.Through this essay, it will explain the different part of the Circles of English. The circles mean the barrier between English native and non-native English countries. According to Braj Kachru, the inner circle indicates where English is the primary language; United States, UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zeland, and there are 328-380 million of people who speak the language; the outer or extended circle involves countries English is not native, but it has an importance as a second language; such as, India, Singapore and Jamaica.At the end, the expanding or extending circle is non-native English, without being colonized by British Empire, but it considers as a foreign language; for example, Japan, Brazil, Italy and Russia. Therefore, the barriers in these three circles are the amount of people who speak the English language and the importance of English around the world In conclusion, it can be said that these three circles explain the main differences about the spread of English. According to Cristal â€Å"the differences of historical and social issues raised by the notion of world English are presented in these circles† (107).This means how English can affect the history of different countries. Worked Cited †¢ Cristal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. †¢ Cristal, David. English as a Global Language. 2nd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print. †¢ White, Ron. â€Å"Going round in circles: English as an International Language, and cross-cultural capability. † Cross-Cultural Capability Conference '97. Leeds Metropolitan University. 15-16 December 1997.

Is Hate A Crime - 1322 Words

Is Hate a Crime It is 6th period history, the last class of the day, and I am anxious to get out of here to the school bus. So much drama around this school over our Rebel mascot and that ridiculous flag they wear on their helmets and football uniforms. The James F. Byrnes High School Rebels is what we are called since its founding in 1955. I have studied history ever since elementary school and have read much about the civil war, rebel soldiers, confederate flags, and slavery. However, that is all it was to me, history. Now I sit at my desk by the window and see over 40 clansmen in white sheets waiving the Confederate flag and the American flag and marching up and down the street in front of my school. Looks like it is not just history†¦show more content†¦Why is it called hate crime and not just crime or assault? News of a crime is common, but news of a hate crime mobilizes entire communities on both sides, and insights fights, riots, and destruction of property. The term hate crime exists just to inform the public the motive behind the crime, and its usage just gives birth to more hate and more crime. In the Marine Corps, young Marines are taught from the very beginning about combat stress and how to deal with it. They are put into stressful and fearful situations and they are expected to complete a specified task even though every fiber of their body says run or quit. Psychology calls this the â€Å"fight or flight† response. It is that split-second decision that people make when there is a conflict. The objective of the training is to instill the importance of mission completion and protection of your fellow Marines over your self-preservation and personal or spiritual feelings about war or death. Of course, it does not always work. 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Detection Capabilities Of Endpoint Antivirus Solutions

Many enterprises have trouble discovering advanced threats because they exclusively rely on the limited detection capabilities of endpoint antivirus solutions. The figure below demonstrates how signatures are significantly better at discovering opportunistic attackers. This is because opportunistic attackers find value in scale. Their objective is to compromise as many endpoints as possible—and as a result—are likely to have a signature developed shortly thereafter. The advanced attacker—who only targets a finite number of assets needed to accomplish a specific mission—can remain below the detection threshold and go significant amounts of time without registering a signature, if they register one at all. Additionally, an advanced attacker can move laterally to more critical systems in an attempt to escalate their privileges within an environment. 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Analysis of the Homeless Family in America - 1728 Words

High Risk Families: Statistical and Theoretical Analysis of the Homeless Family in America Introduction While homelessness may be an issue that is so far from the minds of the average American family, the truth remains that the current homelessness statistics in America suggest that the issue of homelessness is far more average than one could ever imagine. As of January 2012, The National Alliance to End Homelessness published a series of reports that listed the number of homeless Americans at 636,017 with a rate of homelessness at 21 homeless people per 10,000 individuals in the general population (NAEH, 2012, pp.1). While 636,017 may seem small in comparison to the countrys 311,291,917 citizens, homelessness remains an issue that stems through the ages, through families, through neighborhoods, through ethnicity and the like. Homelessness detrimentally effects families in their health, mortality rate, and ability to seek out employment and basic education. In further viewing the statistics at hand regarding the homeless, their health and behavior, as well as understanding how these people and this issue can be remedied within our country, an overarching assessment of family life and the causes and relief measures of homelessness must be taken into account. Health Profile and Behavioral Patterns Homelessness has long been associated with health risks and poor behavioral patterns based solely on the inability to purchase sufficient care. Research notes thatShow MoreRelatedHomeless Population And The Homeless Families1421 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will talk about the homeless population and the homeless families. It will explore the multiple causes of family homelessness and the struggle has on homeless family life. The three main reasons for homeless families within America are the following: 1) the lack of affordable housing, 2) low income 3) Inadequate federal subsidy. 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Corporations Law Satin Co.Ltd and Cotton Ltd

Questions: Question 1: Cotton Limited holds 89.5% of the shares in Satin Co Limited. The remaining shares are held by Silk and several other small investors. The Board of Satin wants the company to become a wholly owned subsidiary of Cotton Limited as they expect this will result in both taxation benefits and a saving on accounting fees and administration charges of about $230,000. Cotton Limited offers to buy the shares held by Silk and other minority members but they refuse. Arrangements are made to hold a members meeting to pass a resolution changing the constitution of Satin by inserting a new clause 53 any member entitled to 80% or more of the issued shares may compulsorily acquire all the remaining shares. Silk and other minority members receive written notice of the company meeting together with a proxy form and a valuation certificate stating the shares were worth $2.50 each. Although the offer is fair Silk does not want to sell her shares and wants to start legal action to prevent the proposed alt eration to the constitution.Discuss whether she may succeed in her action. Would your answer be different if the real reason for compulsorily acquiring the shares from Silk was that she discovered operating a business in competition with Satin Co and was using information gained as a member to take away some of Satins business? Question 2: Polyester is a director of Style Pty. Limited involved in making womens clothing. Has she breached any duties under the Corporation Act in the following situations? Situation 1. She arranges with the companys bank to transfer an amount of $65,000 from the company account into a personal bank account held by her in her own name. She uses the funds to finalise some outstanding personal debts. Situation 2. As a director she receives information that the company is in a serious financial position. She arranges to transfer a larger amount of the assets of the company over a new proprietary company that she formed with the intention of caring on the same business. Situation 3. Contrary to a resolution of the Board and notwithstanding established business practice that limits credit to $20,000 she allows a trade debtor (who has a history of bad debts) to exceed its credit limits by $25,000. The debtor fails to pay the outstanding amount of $45,000. Can she rely on the business judgment rule in this situation? Answer: 1. In the present case, while 89.5% of the shares in Satin Co. Ltd. are being controlled by Cotton Ltd and the rest of the shares of the company are held by Silk and some other small investors. Now the board of Satin Co wants to make the company a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cotton. The purpose behind this move is expected tax benefits and also a saving in administration charges and accounting fee worth $230,000. An offer was made by Cotton Ltd to purchase the shares of the minority shareholders however they refused the offered. As a result, the majority decided to pass a resolution and change the constitution of the company with a view to insert a new clause number 53 according to which any member who has more than 80% shares of the company will have the power to compulsorily acquired the rest of the shares. The question that needs to be decided in this case is if the conduct amounts to oppressive conduct and what are the remedies that are available to Silk and other minority shareho lders of Satin Co Ltd.; The Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) provides a number of rights to the shareholders. In this regard, a distinction has also been made between majority and the minority shareholders of the company. The reason is that some extra rights and remedies have been provided to the minority shareholders because it is considered that the position of the minority shareholders in the company is vulnerable. Among the remedies provided to the minority shareholders, there are the remedies of minority oppression, injunction, winding up order and statutory derivative action. Section 232, Corporations Act, 2001 provides a remedy for minority oppression. However, the shareholders also have certain personal rights, apart from these remedies that can also be pursued by them. On the other hand, the purpose of the remedy for minority oppression is to provide the minority shareholders of the company with an enforceable remedy against any prejudicial conduct to the interest of these shareholders. Oppressive cond uct, in context of shareholder remedies can be described as the conduct that is prejudicial or unfair towards the minority shareholders. A number of remedies have been provided to the minority shareholders in case these shareholders are facing oppressive conduct by the majority. It needs to be noted in this regard that the oppressive conduct includes any modification made in the Constitution of the company by the majority. Similarly, other examples of oppressive conduct can be the purchasing of the shares of the members, injunction, appointment of manager or receiver, regulating the affairs of the company and a winding up order. In the present case also, the board of Satin has decided to amend the Constitution of the company and introduce a clause according to which, any person who has 80% or more shares of the company will have the power to compulsorily acquire the shares of other minority shareholders. In view of the above discussion, it can be said that the above-mentioned statutory remedies can be used by the minority shareholders in case the rights of these shareholders are being infringed. The purpose of providing the statutory remedies to the minority shareholders is to overcome the problems that were related with common law. In case of the oppression remedy, relief can be sought by the minority shareholders of the company against the persons controlling the company. In this way, the directors of the company and the majority shareholders as well as the company itself can also be included in such persons against whom the minority shareholders can seek a remedy in case of oppression. This remedy can be used by the minority shareholders for any issue related with the way the affairs of the company are being conducted and also regarding any proposed or real act or omission or in case of a resolution or proposed a resolution that has been made by the majority shareholders of the co mpany and when such conduct can be considered as oppressive or is prejudicial to the minority shareholders or discriminates against them. As a result of the above said discussion, it can be said that Silk and other minorities shareholders of Satin Co Ltd can be prejudicially affected by the conduct of the majority in Satin Co with the introduction of a new clause in the Constitution of the company which gives the power to the party holding the majority shares to compulsorily acquire the shares of other members. The reason is that in such a case, the minority shareholders of Satin Co., including Silk can claim to be facing oppressive conduct. As a result the remedy for minority oppression that has been provided by the Corporations Act can be availed by these shareholders including Silk and as a result, it can be said that in this case Silk may be successful in action against the majority shareholders of Satin Co. however if it is found that Silk is operating a business that is in direct competition with Satin Co and Silk had been using the information that she received as a member of Satin Co to take away some business of Satin, the remedy may not be available to Silk. 2. A number of duties have been imposed on the directors. These duties have been imposed by the common law and also by the Corporations Act, 2001. The duties imposed by the common law includes the duty of care and diligence, to a bona fide, the duty not to act for improper purpose, duty to retain discretion, duty to avoid conflicts of interest and duty of the directors not to abuse corporate opportunities. At the same time, there are certain statutory duties of the directors that have been prescribed by the Corporations Act. These duties include the duty of good faith, duty of care and diligence including the business judgment rule, duty not to trade while insolvent, not to make improper use of information, not to make improper use of the position of the directors and certain other duties related with financial reporting. These duties need to be applied to the below mentioned situations in order to decide if the duties prescribed by the corporations act have been breached in this cas e or not. Situation 1 the Act provides that the directors should not use their position for an improper purpose. In this regard, improper purpose can include receiving an advantage by the director or defeating the voting power of the shareholders of the company by creating new majority. In this regard, an objective test needs to be applied in order to decide if the director has used his or her power for an improper purpose or not. For example, in case money has been borrowed, the substantiality of the alleged need to borrow money can be considered. Similarly if the power of the director has been used for an improper purpose, the company can declare such an action as being void. Section 181 of the Act prescribes the duty of good faith that needs to be followed by the directors.[11] In the present case, it can be said that as a director of Style Pty Ltd., Polyester has breached her duty as the director of the company when she arranged a transfer of $65,000 from the account of the company to a personal accou nt and used this money for dealing with some personal debt. Situation 2 The Act also prescribes the duty of the directors according to which they should not make improper use of their position. Therefore, the position of the director should not be used improperly with a view to gain advantage or to cause a detriment to the company. Therefore a director can be considered as liable for the breach of this duty that has been prescribed by s182 of the Act in case the director of the company is involved in conduct with a view to obtain improper advantage.[12] In this regard, it is immaterial if such advantage has taken place in reality or not.[13] Therefore when the director knows the unstable financial condition of the company and continues to act in this way, it can be considered that the duty prescribed by s182 has been breached by the director. Therefore in the present case, it can be said that Polyester has breached her statutory duty to act in good faith and in the interests of the company. Situation 3 The Corporations Act also imposes a duty on the directors and other officers of the company got into which they should exercise the powers and discharge the duties with care and diligence. This duty has been prescribed by section 180 of the Act. The care and diligence that the directors should exercise should be of the same level as would have been exercised by any other reasonable person. Therefore it is the duty of the directors to satisfy the duty of care and diligence that has been imposed by them on the statute while exercising a particular business judgment. However in order to avail the defense provided by the business judgment rule, it is required that the judgment should be exercised in good faith, director should not have any personal interest in its subject matter and at the same time, the director should inform himself or herself regarding the subject matter of such judgment to the extent that is considered appropriate and at the same time, it must be rationally believed by the director that the business judgment is in the best interests of the company. As the above mentioned the conditions do not appear to be fulfilled in the present case, Polyester cannot use the defense provided by the business judgment rule and she can be held liable for breach of her statutory duty. References Baxt, R., and Fletcher, K.L., Fridman, S., 2008. Corporations and Associations Cases and Materials on, Butterworths, Australia, 10th edition Ciro T, Symes C, 2009. Corporations Law in Principle LBC Thomson Reuters, Sydney, 8th edition Davenport, S and Parker D, 2012, Business and Law in Australia, Thomson Reuters Fitzpatrick, Synes, Veljanovski, Parker, 2011. Business and Corporations Law; LexisNexis 1st edition Hanrahan, P., Ramsay I., Stapledon G., 2010, Commercial Applications of Company Law, CCH 11th edition Pentony, Graw, Lennard Parker, 2011, Understanding Business Law 4th ed Butterworths. Case Law Allen v Gold Reefs of West Africa Ltd (1900) 1 Ch 656 Australian Trade Commission v WA Meat Exports Pty Ltd (1987) 11 ALD 52 AWA Ltd v Daniels (1992) 7 ACSR 759 Gambotto v WCP Ltd (1995) 13 ACLC 342 Granby Pty Ltd v FCT (1995) 129 ALR 503 R v Byrnes (1995) 130 ALR 529 Statewide Tobacco Services Ltd v Morley (1990) 2 ACSR 405 Wayde v Rugby League Ltd (1985) 3 ACLC 799 Answer: